Recent progress in microfluidics , biomedical engineering, and cellular biology has enabled the creation of advanced experimental systems known as organs-on-chip. These microengineered platforms incorporate living human cells into precisely controlled environments where nutrients, oxygen, and biochemical signals can circulate through miniature channels. By reproducing critical features of tissue physiology, these devices allow researchers to study cellular interactions and biological responses in conditions that closely resemble those found inside the human body. Organ-chip technologies represent the convergence of several scientific disciplines, including tissue engineering , molecular genetics, and bioengineering. Within these systems, human cells are organized into microstructures connected by fluidic networks that simulate circulation and intercellular communication. These environments allow scientists to investigate how molecular signals regulate physiological processes suc...